Until recently, the development of new human adjuvants was held back by a poor
understanding of their mechanisms of action. The field was revolutionized by the discovery …

Personalized cancer vaccines (PCVs) are reinvigorating vaccine strategies in cancer
immunotherapy. In contrast to adoptive T-cell therapy and checkpoint blockade, the PCV …

The interactions between sugar-containing molecules from the bacteria cell wall and pattern
recognition receptors (PRR) on the plasma membrane or cytosol of specialized host cells …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that recognize pathogen-associated
molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damaged-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and …

Structurally disparate molecules reportedly engage and activate Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4
and other TLRs, yet the interactions that mediate binding and activation by dissimilar ligands …

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), together with MD-2, binds bacterial endotoxins (E) with high
affinity, triggering formation of the activated homodimer (E. MD-2. TLR4) 2. Activated TLR4 …

Dimerization of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2)
heterodimers is critical for both MyD88-and TIR-domain–containing adapter-inducing IFN-β …

Highlights•New adjuvants are typically a combination of delivery system and an immune
potentiator.•A deeper understanding of innate immunity has helped the discovery of new …

Current vaccines against influenza virus infection rely on the induction of neutralizing
antibodies targeting the globular head of the viral hemagglutinin (HA). Protection against …

Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) is one of the receptors of innate immunity. It is activated by
Pathogen-and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs) and triggers …