Ecosystems are controlled by 'bottom-up'(resources) and 'top-down'(predation) forces. Viral
infection is now recognized as a ubiquitous top-down control of microbial growth across …

Fishes are the dominant vertebrates in the ocean, yet we know little of their contribution to
carbon export flux at regional to global scales. We synthesize the existing information on fish …

We describe the baseline coupled model configuration and simulation characteristics of
GFDL's Earth System Model Version 4.1 (ESM4. 1), which builds on component and coupled …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

Results from the fully-, biogeochemically-, and radiatively-coupled simulations in which CO
2 increases at a rate of 1% per year (1pctCO2) from its pre-industrial value are analyzed to …

Global impact models represent process-level understanding of how natural and human
systems may be affected by climate change. Their projections are used in integrated …

Transfer efficiency is the proportion of energy passed between nodes in food webs. It is an
emergent, unitless property that is difficult to measure, and responds dynamically to …

Photosynthesis fuels marine food webs, yet differences in fish catch across globally
distributed marine ecosystems far exceed differences in net primary production (NPP). We …

Numerical models of ocean biogeochemistry are relied upon to make projections about the
impact of climate change on marine resources and test hypotheses regarding the drivers of …

Mixotrophic plankton, which combine the uptake of inorganic resources and the ingestion of
living prey, are ubiquitous in marine ecosystems, but their integrated biogeochemical …