It is almost a decade since the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus (A/H5N1) of
clade 2.2. 1 was introduced to Egypt in 2005, most likely, via wild birds; marking the longest …

Despite the panzootic nature of emergent highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses in
wild migratory birds and domestic poultry, only a limited number of human infections with …

A novel coronavirus recently identified in Wuhan, China (SARS-CoV-2) has expanded the
number of highly pathogenic coronaviruses affecting humans. The SARS-CoV-2 represents …

Outside Asia, Egypt is considered to be an influenza H5N1 epicentre and presents a far
greater pandemic risk than other countries. The long-term endemicity of H5N1 and the …

Newly emerging influenza A viruses (IAV) pose a major threat to human health by causing
seasonal epidemics and/or pandemics, the latter often facilitated by the lack of pre-existing …

ABSTRACT A change in viral hemagglutinin (HA) receptor binding specificity from α2, 3-to
α2, 6-linked sialic acid is necessary for highly pathogenic avian influenza (AI) virus subtype …

Although effective antibody-based vaccines have been developed against multiple viruses,
such approaches have so far failed for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) …

Background Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5N1 subtype are
widely distributed within poultry populations in Egypt and have caused multiple human …

The worst Ebola virus (EV) outbreak in history has hit Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea
hardest and the trend lines in this crisis are grave, and now represents a global public health …

Abstract Background Avian influenza H5N1 has a high human case fatality rate, but is not
yet well-adapted to human hosts. Amino acid substitutions currently circulating in avian …