Given the functional interdependencies between the molecular components in a human cell,
a disease is rarely a consequence of an abnormality in a single gene, but reflects the …

Complex biological systems and cellular networks may underlie most genotype to
phenotype relationships. Here, we review basic concepts in network biology, discussing …

Pleiotropy refers to the phenomenon of one gene or one mutation affecting multiple
phenotypic traits. While the concept of pleiotropy is as old as Mendelian genetics, functional …

Proteins often function as components of multi-subunit complexes. Despite its long history as
a model organism, no large-scale analysis of protein complexes in Escherichia coli has yet …

Proteins are the working horse of the cellular machinery. They are responsible for diverse
functions ranging from molecular motors to signaling. They catalyze reactions, transport …

Gene duplication is the primary source of new genes. Duplicate genes that are stably
preserved in genomes usually have divergent functions. The general rules governing the …

Why do proteins evolve at different rates? Advances in systems biology and genomics have
facilitated a move from studying individual proteins to characterizing global cellular factors …

Motivation: The study of interactomes, or networks of protein-protein interactions, is
increasingly providing valuable information on biological systems. Here we report a study of …

Most studies of protein networks operate on a high level of abstraction, neglecting structural
and chemical aspects of each interaction. Here, we characterize interactions by using atomic …

Background Most proteins interact with only a few other proteins while a small number of
proteins (hubs) have many interaction partners. Hub proteins and non-hub proteins differ in …