The immunology of pregnancy is complex and poorly defined. During the complex process
of pregnancy, macrophages secrete many cytokines/chemokines and play pivotal roles in …

A successful pregnancy requires a fine-tuned and highly regulated balance between
immune activation and embryonic antigen tolerance. Since the fetus is semi-allogeneic, the …

During placentation invasive extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) migrate into the maternal
uterus and modify its vessels. In particular, remodeling of the spiral arteries by EVTs is …

Preeclampsia is a complex cardiovascular disorder of pregnancy with underlying
multifactorial pathogeneses; however, its etiology is not fully understood. It is characterized …

The immune cells that reside at the interface between the placenta and uterus are thought to
play many important roles in pregnancy. Recent work has revealed that the composition and …

The presence of immune cells in the placental bed is important for both mother and child.
Although various immune cells can be found in the placental bed, such as regulatory T cells …

It is increasingly evident that cytokines and growth factors produced in the decidua play a
pivotal role in the regulation of the local immune microenvironment and the establishment of …

Macrophages are a subset of mononuclear phagocytes of the innate immune system with
high plasticity and heterogeneity. At the maternal–fetal interface, macrophages are present …

The female reproductive tract has two main functions: protection against microbial challenge
and maintenance of pregnancy to term. The upper reproductive tract comprises the fallopian …

Macrophages (MФs) are the leukocytes produced from differentiation of monocytes and are
located in almost all tissues of human body. They are involved in various processes, such as …