Prior to the emergence of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (Gs/GD) H5N1 influenza A virus,
the long‐held and well‐supported paradigm was that highly pathogenic avian influenza …

This literature review provides an overview of use of environmental samples (ES) such as
faeces, water, air, mud and swabs of surfaces in avian influenza (AI) surveillance programs …

The H7 subtype HA gene has been found in combination with all nine NA subtype genes.
Most exhibit low pathogenicity and only rarely high pathogenicity in poultry (and humans) …

Wild birds play a major role in the evolution, maintenance, and spread of avian influenza
viruses. However, surveillance for these viruses in wild birds is sporadic, geographically …

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are of great concern worldwide due to their economic impact
and the threat they represent to human health. As wild birds are the natural reservoirs of …

Beginning in late 2017, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N6 viruses caused
outbreaks in wild birds and poultry in several European countries. H5N6 viruses were …

Arctic regions are ecologically significant for the environmental persistence and geographic
dissemination of influenza A viruses (IAVs) by avian hosts and other wildlife species. Data …

The monograph reviews viruses, bacteria, microfungi and protozoa pathogenic to
homeotherm vertebrates (including humans) associated with birds of the family Laridae …

Gulls are important hosts of avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) and gull AIVs often contain
gene segments of mixed geographic and host lineage origins. In this study, the prevalence …

There have been three waves of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in
commercial, backyard poultry, and wild birds in Ukraine. The first (2005–2006) and second …