Biofilm is complex and consists of bacterial colonies that reside in an exopolysaccharide
matrix that attaches to foreign surfaces in a living organism. Biofilm frequently leads to …

Antibiotics have revolutionized medicine, saving countless lives since their discovery in the
early 20th century. However, the origin of antibiotics is now overshadowed by the alarming …

Biofilms are aggregates of bacteria, in most cases, which are resistant usually to broad-
spectrum antibiotics in their typical concentrations or even in higher doses. A trend of …

Secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a process common to eukaryotes, archae, and
bacteria, represents a secretory pathway that allows cell-free intercellular communication …

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of severe and often
fatal infections. MRSA epidemics have occurred in waves, whereby a previously successful …

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a notorious pathogen and one of the most frequent
causes of biofilm-related infections. The treatment of S. aureus biofilms is hampered by the …

Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharides (CP) are important virulence factors under
evaluation as vaccine antigens. Clinical S. aureus isolates have the biosynthetic capability …

Staphylococcal infections are a widespread cause of disease in humans. In particular, S.
aureus is a major causative agent of infection in clinical medicine. In addition, these bacteria …

Harnessing complement-mediated cytotoxicity by therapeutic antibodies has been limited
because of dependency on size and density of antigen, structural constraints resulting from …

The innate immune system plays a critical role in the rapid recognition and elimination of
pathogens through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Among these PRRs are the C-type …