Hydrogen production using water electrolysers equipped with an anion exchange
membrane (AEM), a pure water feed and cheap components such as platinum group metal …

Data will be reviewed using the acoustic startle reflex in rats and humans based on our
attempts to operationally define fear vs anxiety. Although the symptoms of fear and anxiety …

Initiated as part of the ongoing deliberation about the nosological structure of DSM, this
review aims to evaluate whether the anxiety disorders share features of responding that …

Developments in cognitive and emotion theory suggest that anxiety plays a rather central
role in negative emotions. This chapter reviews findings in the area of anxiety and …

Fear conditioning represents the process by which a neutral stimulus comes to evoke fear
following its repeated pairing with an aversive stimulus. Although fear conditioning has long …

Startle is a fast response to sudden, intense stimuli and probably protects the organism from
injury by a predator or by a blow. The acoustic startle response (ASR) of mammals is …

In this article the authors address how pathological anxiety may develop from adaptive fear
states. Fear responses (eg, freezing, startle, heart rate and blood pressure changes, and …

This chapter describes the relevance of some contemporary work on classical conditioning,
and learning theory more broadly, to understanding the etiology and maintenance of anxiety …

Rationale Preclinical data indicates that threat stimuli elicit two classes of defensive
behaviors, those that are associated with imminent danger and are characterized by flight or …

Objective: To provide an overview of startle reflex methodologies applied to the examination
of emotional and motivational states in humans and to review the findings in different forms …