Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to loss of motor and sensory function below the injury level
and imposes a considerable burden on patients, families, and society. Repair of the injured …

There is significant interest in understanding inflammatory responses within the brain and
spinal cord. Inflammatory responses that are centralized within the brain and spinal cord are …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a significant cause of disability, and treatment alternatives that
generate beneficial outcomes and have no side effects are urgently needed. SCI may be …

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is the prototypic pro-inflammatory cytokine. It is central to host
defense and inflammatory responses but under certain circumstances also triggers cell …

Increasing evidence underlines that prototypical inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-
6) either synthesized in the central (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS) by resident …

Activation of glial cells and neuro–glial interactions are emerging as key mechanisms
underlying chronic pain. Accumulating evidence has implicated 3 types of glial cells in the …

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) is a proinflammatory cytokine that exerts both
homeostatic and pathophysiological roles in the central nervous system. In pathological …

Macrophages from the peripheral circulation and those derived from resident microglia are
among the main effector cells of the inflammatory response that follows spinal cord trauma …

Epilepsy is the third most common chronic brain disorder, and is characterized by an
enduring predisposition to generate seizures. Despite progress in pharmacological and …

Spinal cord injury leads to a massive response of innate immune cells in non-regenerating
mammals, but also in successfully regenerating zebrafish. However, the role of the immune …