The endoderm gives rise to the lining of the esophagus, stomach and intestines, as well as
associated organs. To generate a functional intestine, a series of highly orchestrated …

Imaging of the blunt traumatic injuries to the craniocervical junction can be challenging but
central to improving morbidity and mortality related to such injury. The radiologist has a …

Adipose tissue is composed of anatomically distinct depots that mediate several important
aspects of energy homeostasis. The past two decades have witnessed increased research …

The craniometric linear dimensions of the posterior fossa have been relatively well studied,
but angular craniometry has been poorly studied and may reveal differences in the several …

A great deal of literature has drawn attention to the “complex Chiari,” wherein the presence
of instability or ventral brainstem compression prompts consideration for addressing both …

There is growing recognition of the kyphotic clivo-axial angle (CXA) as an index of risk of
brainstem deformity and craniocervical instability. This review of literature and prospective …

The clinical presentation and diagnostic workup in pediatric cervical spine injuries (CSI) are
different from adults owing to the unique anatomy and relative immaturity. The current article …

Our understanding of cerebellar tonsillar herniation evolved over time and nowadays
various pathomechanisms have been proposed. Causes of tonsillar herniation share a …

Although the embryology of the posterior cranial fossa can have life altering effects on a
patient, a comprehensive review on this topic is difficult to find in the peer‐reviewed medical …

Chiari-like Malformation (CM) and secondary syringomyelia (SM), as well as their analogous
human conditions, is a complex developmental condition associated with pain and …