The processes and biomass that characterize any ecosystem are fundamentally constrained
by the total amount of energy that is either fixed within or delivered across its boundaries …

Food-chain length is a central characteristic of ecological communities that has attracted
considerable attention for over 75 years because it strongly affects community structure …

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Among the fishes, a remarkably wide range of biological adaptations to diverse habitats has
evolved. As well as living in the conventional habitats of lakes, ponds, rivers, rock pools and …

Human society has used freshwater from rivers, lakes, groundwater, and wetlands for many
different urban, agricultural, and industrial activities, but in doing so has overlooked its value …

474 TREE vol. 15, no. 11 November 2000 (3) common prey are more or less uniformly
edible; and (4) the systems are simple and trophically stratified, with strong interactions …

This paper addresses the river heterotrophy paradox,“How can animal biomass within
riverine food webs be fueled primarily by autochthonous autotrophic production if the …

Responses of rivers and river ecosystems to dams are complex and varied, as they depend
on local sediment supplies, geomorphic constraints, climate, dam structure and operation …

Summary 1 We evaluate the position of 50 previously published studies of fish and drought
with respect to spatial scale of study (individual stream pools to subcontinents), length of the …

While trophic levels have found broad application throughout ecology, they are also in much
contention on analytical and empirical grounds. Here, we use a new generation of data and …