In the face of water shortages, the world seeks to explore all available options in reducing
the over exploitation of limited freshwater resources. One of the surest available water …

Nanofiltration (NF) membrane has been applied for the treatment of wastewater owing to its
unique features such as higher selectivity towards divalent/polyvalent ions while allowing …

Abstract High molecular weight (106–3× 107 Da) polyacrylamide (PAM) is commonly used
as a flocculant in water and wastewater treatment, as a soil conditioner, and as a viscosity …

Recovery of natural gas and oil from unconventional (shale) reservoirs relies on horizontal
drilling and hydraulic fracturing to make it economical. Hydraulic fracturing generates vast …

The limited clean water resource has urged the need to extract fresh water from non-
conventional sources. Produced water (PW) is a potential source of fresh water, particularly …

Various stages of oil production and processing in petroleum industry produce an enormous
amount of oilfield produced water (PW). Discharge of this huge amount of PW has an …

Abstract Since the Industrial Revolution, human activities in the various energy sectors have
led to the production of large amounts of wastewaters and effluents that are rich in dissolved …

High volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF) of shale to stimulate the release of natural gas
produces a large quantity of wastewater in the form of flowback fluids and produced water …

As a kind of pressure-driven membranes, the nanofiltration (NF) membrane and process can
separate molecules and ions with different molecular weights and valences, which are well …

Abstract Treatment and reuse of produced water (PW), the largest wastewater stream
generated during oil and gas production, provides a promising option to address the …