Global change includes a substantial increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme high
temperatures (EHTs), which influence insects at almost all levels. The number of studies …

Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) are one of the most studied, diverse, and widespread
animal groups, making them an ideal model for climate change research. They are a …

Our current 1.1° C warmer world is already affecting natural and human systems in Europe
(very high confidence1). Since AR5, there has been a substantial increase in detected or …

Phenology, the seasonal timing of life events, is an essential component of diversity
patterns. However, the mechanisms involved are complex and understudied. Body colour …

Phenology is a key biological trait that can determine an organism's survival and provides
one of the clearest indicators of the effects of recent climatic change. Long time-series …

Climate warming is predicted to shift species' ranges as previously uninhabitable
environments just beyond the leading range edges become suitable habitat and trailing …

Responses to climate change can vary across functional groups and trophic levels, leading
to a temporal decoupling of trophic interactions or “phenological mismatches.” Despite a …

Many scholars have argued that climate change is, in part, a problem of time, with
ecological, political and social systems thought to be out of sync or mistimed. Discussions of …

Global warming has advanced the timing of biological events, potentially leading to
disruption across trophic levels. The potential importance of phenological change as a driver …

Plant phenological shifts (eg, earlier flowering dates) are known consequences of climate
change that may alter ecosystem functioning, productivity, and ecological interactions across …