Methods based on propensity score (PS) have become increasingly popular as a tool for
causal inference. A better understanding of the relative advantages and disadvantages of …

Propensity score matching is commonly used in observational studies to control for
confounding and estimate the causal effects of a treatment or exposure. Frequently, in …

Abstract Real-world evidence (RWE), derived from data from “real-world” clinical practice
and medical product utilization, is an increasingly important source of evidence that holds …

Graphical models are useful tools in causal inference, and causal directed acyclic graphs
(DAGs) are used extensively to determine the variables for which it is sufficient to control for …

Matching is a technique through which patients with and without an outcome of interest (in
case-control studies) or patients with and without an exposure of interest (in cohort studies) …

Epidemiologists are increasingly encountering complex longitudinal data, in which
exposures and their confounders vary during follow-up. When a prior exposure affects the …

Background: With many disease-modifying therapies currently approved for the
management of multiple sclerosis, there is a growing need to evaluate the comparative …

Feng et al. published a retrospective study in Clin Infect Dis [1], suggesting that short-course
antibiotic therapy did not significantly elevate the risk of mortality or bacteremia relapse …

Purpose Animal studies have suggested that Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents (ESAs) may
increase vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-related retinopathies, but this effect is …

Confounder selection may be efficiently conducted using penalized regression methods
when causal effects are estimated from observational data with many variables. An outcome …