Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a crucial enforcer of immune homeostasis and
tolerance, inhibiting the expansion and function of many components of the immune system …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in both suppressive
and inflammatory immune responses. After 30 years of intense study, we have only begun to …

According to the minimal criteria of the International Society of Cellular Therapy,
mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a population of undifferentiated cells defined by their …

Active, but dysfunctional, immune responses in patients with cancer have been studied in
several tumour types, but owing to the heterogeneity of cancer theories of common reaction …

Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a membrane protease that is highly expressed by
cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). FAP can modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) …

INTRODUCTION The adaptive immune system has evolved to mount different types of
responses that are matched to the type of invading pathogen. For CD4+ T cells, this is …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a potent regulatory cytokine with diverse effects on
hemopoietic cells. The pivotal function of TGF-β in the immune system is to maintain …

Tumors escape from immune surveillance by producing the immunosuppressive cytokine
TGF-β. However, the mechanism by which TGF-β inhibits T cell-mediated tumor clearance in …

Recent work has identified a new subset of effector T cells that produces interleukin (IL)-17
known as T helper 17 (Th17) cells, which is involved in the pathophysiology of inflammatory …

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling is
involved in the vast majority of cellular processes and is fundamentally important during the …