We synthesized 20 years of research to explain the interrelated processes that determine
soil and plant responses to biochar. The properties of biochar and its effects within …

Almost half of the total organic carbon (C) in terrestrial ecosystems is stored in forest soils.
By altering rates of input or release of C from soils, forest management activities can …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

It is unequivocal that the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
and nitrous oxide (N2O) since the pre-industrial period are caused by human activities. The …

Short‑lived climate forcers (SLCFs) affect climate and are, in most cases, also air pollutants.
They include aerosols (sulphate, nitrate, ammonium, carbonaceous aerosols, mineral dust …

Land‐based climate mitigation measures have gained significant attention and importance
in public and private sector climate policies. Building on previous studies, we refine and …

Assessment of the social science literature and regional case studies reveals how social
norms, culture, and individual choices, interact with infrastructure and other structural …

Chapter 3 takes a long-term perspective on climate change mitigation pathways. Its focus is
on the implications of long-term targets for the required short-and medium-term system …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

Executive summary Land and climate interact in complex ways through changes in forcing
and multiple biophysical and biogeochemical feedbacks across different spatial and …