This review explains the science behind the drive for global net zero emissions and why this
is needed to halt the ongoing rise in global temperatures. We document how the concept of …

We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

This chapter assesses the causes of observed changes assessed in Chapters 2 to 5 and
uses understanding of physical processes, climate models and statistical approaches. The …

Equilibrium climate sensitivity characterizes the Earth's long-term global temperature
response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. It has reached almost iconic status …

Climate projections for the fourth assessment report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) were based on scenarios from the Special Report on Emissions …

Recent coordinated efforts, in which numerous general circulation climate models have
been run for a common set of experiments, have produced large datasets of projections of …

Simple climate models can be valuable if they are able to replicate aspects of complex fully
coupled earth system models. Larger ensembles can be produced, enabling a probabilistic …

Global efforts to mitigate climate change are guided by projections of future temperatures.
But the eventual equilibrium global mean temperature associated with a given stabilization …

Concern over implications of climate change for biodiversity has led to the use of bioclimatic
models to forecast the range shifts of species under future climate-change scenarios. Recent …