Enzymes can be engineered at the level of their amino acid sequences to optimize key
properties such as expression, stability, substrate range, and catalytic efficiency─ or even to …

Microbial experimental evolution uses controlled laboratory populations to study the
mechanisms of evolution. The molecular analysis of evolved populations enables empirical …

Motivation Machine-learning models trained on protein sequences and their measured
functions can infer biological properties of unseen sequences without requiring an …

We engineered light-gated channelrhodopsins (ChRs) whose current strength and light
sensitivity enable minimally invasive neuronal circuit interrogation. Current ChR tools …

Directed evolution is an important research activity in synthetic biology and biotechnology.
Numerous reports describe the application of tedious mutation/screening cycles for the …

There is growing interest in studying and engineering integral membrane proteins (MPs) that
play key roles in sensing and regulating cellular response to diverse external signals. A MP …

The first member and eponym of the rhodopsin family was identified in the 1930s as the
visual pigment of the rod photoreceptor cell in the animal retina. It was found to be a …

Applied biocatalysis is driven by environmental and economic incentives for using enzymes
in the synthesis of various pharmaceutical and industrially important chemicals. Protein …

Cation and anion channelrhodopsins (CCRs and ACRs, respectively) from phototactic algae
have become widely used as genetically encoded molecular tools to control cell membrane …

Generative probabilistic models of biological sequences have widespread existing and
potential applications in analyzing, predicting and designing proteins, RNA and genomes …