Maladaptive decision-making is increasingly recognized to play a significant role in
numerous psychiatric disorders, such that therapeutics capable of ameliorating core …

Theories of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) function have evolved substantially over the last few
decades. There is now a general consensus that the OFC is important for predicting aspects …

Drug addiction is a neuropsychiatric disorder with grave personal consequences that has an
extraordinary global economic impact. Despite decades of research, the options available to …

Gambling disorder (GD), previously called pathological gambling and classified as an
impulse control disorder in DSM‐III and DSM‐IV, has recently been reclassified as an …

Highlights•Animal models of risky decision-making are important for probing
neurobiology.•Tasks have been developed to evaluate risky decision-making in rodents and …

Gambling is a harmless, recreational pastime that is ubiquitous across cultures. However, for
some, gambling becomes a maladaptive and compulsive, and this syndrome is …

Background Impulsive action and risk-related decision-making (RDM) are associated with
various psychiatric disorders, including drug abuse. Both behavioral traits have also been …

All organisms must adapt to dynamic environmental demands for survival, and the ability to
switch thought and/or response patterns characterizes cognitive flexibility. Cognitive …

Highlights•Different definitions of cognitive bias are identified and discussed.•Various
authors have failed to explain the evolution of cognitive biases.•We can understand …

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are known to
participate in risk-based decision-making. However, whether neuronal activities of these two …