It has been known for centuries that floral and extra-floral nectar secreted by plants attracts
and rewards animals. Extra-floral nectar is involved in so-called indirect defense by …

Plants provide extrafloral nectar, which is a food resource taken by ants, especially
aggressive species that may act as plant guards. To our knowledge, no study has been …

Plants are involved in different interactions with animals that may have contrasting effects on
their reproductive output. However, as multitrophic interactions are resource-mediated and …

In ant–plant mutualisms mediated by plant-based liquid resources (eg, extrafloral and
pericarpial nectar), third-party exploiters are often present. Usually, the costs of having …

1. Plant–animal mutualisms are key processes that influence community structure,
dynamics, and function. They reflect several neutral and niche-based mechanisms related to …

1. The reproduction of specialised endophagous insects relies on a fine temporal
synchronization between the insect and its host plant phenology. 2. Since the spatial …

Context-dependence in mutualisms is a fundamental aspect of ecological interactions.
Within plant-ant mutualisms, particularly in terms of biotic protection and pollination …

Tocoyena formosa has a persistent floral nectary that continues producing nectar throughout
flower and fruit development. This plant also presents an intriguing non-anthetic nectary …

When an insect walks, it leaves chemical cues that derive from the arolium, a tarsal structure.
These cues may contain important information about other species that occur in their …

ABSTRACT Background Most Rubiaceae species are hermaphroditic with outcrossing often
promoted by distyly and self-incompatibility, as well as by andromonoecy and dioecy in …