Linear growth during three distinct stages of life determines attained stature in adulthood:
namely, in utero, early postnatal life, and puberty and the adolescent period. Individual host …

Achondroplasia (ACH) is a representative skeletal disorder characterized by rhizomelic
shortened limbs and short stature. ACH is classified as belonging to the fibroblast growth …

Rheumatic diseases, those that affect the musculoskeletal system, cause significant
morbidity. Among risk factors of these diseases is a significant genetic component. Recent …

Epigenetic modifications play an important role in regulation of transcription and gene
expression. The molecular machinery governing epigenetic modifications, also known as …

Human height can be divided into sitting height and leg length, reflecting growth of different
parts of the skeleton whose relative proportions are captured by the ratio of sitting to total …

Genome-wide association studies have identified more than 220 loci associated with breast
cancer susceptibility. A major challenge is now to identify the effector genes with plausible …

Gene perturbation screens (eg CRISPR-Cas9) assess the impact of gene disruption on
cellular phenotypes (eg, proliferation, anti-viral response, transcriptomics). Cellular …

In this paper, we will examine the properties of the concept of causality that best reflects how
genes exert their effects in fields such as behavioral genetics and sociogenomics. First …

Abstract Type 2 diabetes (T2D) affects~ 500 million individuals worldwide and is projected to
rise 46% by 2045. Patient care is complicated by T2D's heterogeneous nature and …

Over the last 15 years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have discovered
thousands of genetic associations with human phenotypes. However, as most of these …