We conducted a systematic review of research in artificial intelligence (AI) for retinal fundus
photographic images. We highlighted the use of various AI algorithms, including deep …

Background Neurovascular interfaces, specifically the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and blood–
retinal barrier (BRB), play pivotal roles in maintaining the homeostasis of the central nervous …

Purpose: In our study, we aimed to investigate the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer
thickness (GCIPL), retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFL), mean macular volume (MMV) …

The retina is one of the highest metabolically active tissues with a high oxygen consumption,
so insufficient blood supply leads to visual impairment. The incidence of related conditions is …

This comprehensive review examines the ocular vascular complications of cocaine use,
focusing on its effects on retinal vasculature and inflammation. A rare case of bilateral …

Illicit drugs and substances of abuse are increasingly used by adults and teenagers, with
novel substances constantly becoming available. Many substances can cause ocular effects …

Objective To detect retinal nerve fiber layer thickness differences of ambylopic and fellow
eyes and ambylopic and control eyes. Methods The study comprised a total of 152 eyes …

Substance use is a chronic and recurrent public healthcare concern increasing in the world,
causing negative outcomes. Two or more substance use is common among people who …

Purpose Methamphetamine and crystal methamphetamine abusers were compared with
healthy subjects using optical coherence tomography to assess their retinal nerve fiber …

Background Tramadol—a synthetic opioid originally used as an analgesic—has been
widely misused as an addictive drug in the middle east in the last twenty years. Brain …