In all domains of life, genomes contain epigenetic information superimposed over the
nucleotide sequence. Epigenetic signals control DNA–protein interactions and can cause …

The field of ecology has long recognized two types of competition: exploitative competition,
which occurs indirectly through resource consumption, and interference competition …

Persisters are transiently antibiotic-tolerant cells that complicate the treatment of bacterial
infections. Both theory and experiments have suggested that persisters facilitate genetic …

Systemic therapy often results in the reduction of tumor size but rarely succeeds in
eradicating all cancer cells. Drug efflux, persistence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), epithelial …

Conditions that sustain constant bacterial growth are seldom found in nature. Oligotrophic
environments and competition among microorganisms force bacteria to be able to adapt …

Our concept of a stable genome is evolving to one in which genomes are plastic and
responsive to environmental changes. Growing evidence shows that a variety of …

Recent data suggest that, in response to the presence of antibiotics, gene duplication and
amplification (GDA) constitutes an important adaptive mechanism in bacteria. For example …

Antibiotic resistance is one of the few examples of evolution that can be addressed
experimentally. The present review analyses this resistance, focusing on the networks that …

Microbes and microbiology are seldom encountered in philosophical accounts of the life
sciences. Although microbiology is a well-established science and microbes the basis of life …

New genes with novel functions arise by duplication and divergence, but the process poses
a problem. After duplication, an extra gene copy must rise to sufficiently high frequency in …