Over 500 natural and synthetic amino acids have been genetically encoded in the last two
decades. Incorporating these noncanonical amino acids into proteins enables many …

Over the past 16 years, genetic code expansion and reprogramming in living organisms has
been transformed by advances that leverage the unique properties of pyrrolysyl-tRNA …

Reversible phosphorylation is a fundamental mechanism for controlling protein function.
Despite the critical roles phosphorylated proteins play in physiology and disease, our ability …

The chemical and physical properties of proteins are limited by the 20 canonical amino
acids. Genetic code manipulation allows for the incorporation of noncanonical amino acids …

Highlights•GCE enables the incorporation of ncAAs into proteins, introducing novel
functionalities such as bio-orthogonal handles, fluorophores, and redox-active …

For over a billion years, the central dogma of biology has been limited largely to 20
canonical amino acids with relatively simple functionalities. The ability to rationally add new …

Transfer RNAs (tRNA) are decorated during biogenesis with a variety of modifications that
modulate their stability, aminoacylation, and decoding potential during translation. The …

Using engineered tRNA/aminoacyltRNA synthetase (aaRS) pairs, genetic code expansion
technology enables the co-translation, site-specific incorporation of noncanonical amino …