Rewards are crucial objects that induce learning, approach behavior, choices, and
emotions. Whereas emotions are difficult to investigate in animals, the learning function is …

Dopamine neurons facilitate learning by calculating reward prediction error, or the difference
between expected and actual reward. Despite two decades of research, it remains unclear …

Neurons in higher cortical areas, such as the prefrontal cortex, are often tuned to a variety of
sensory and motor variables, and are therefore said to display mixed selectivity. This …

Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has long been known to play an important role in decision
making. However, the exact nature of that role has remained elusive. Here, we propose a …

Numerous studies have examined the neuronal inputs and outputs of many areas within the
mammalian cerebral cortex, but how these areas are organized into neural networks that …

The hippocampus and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) both have important roles in cognitive
processes such as learning, memory and decision making. Nevertheless, research on the …

Individual neurons in many cortical regions have been found to encode specific, identifiable
features of the environment or body that pertain to the function of the region,–. However, in …

The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) receives diverse inputs and is involved in a dizzying
array of behaviors. These many behaviors could rely on distinct categories of neurons …

The mammalian hippocampal formation contains several distinct populations of neurons
involved in representing self-position and orientation. These neurons, which include place …

In generative models of brain function, internal representations are used to generate
predictions of sensory input, yet little is known about how internal models influence sensory …