The mRNA vaccine platform has offered the greatest potential in fighting the COVID-19
pandemic owing to rapid development, effectiveness, and scalability to meet the global …

The development of a successful vaccine, which should elicit a combination of humoral and
cellular responses to control or prevent infections, is the first step in protecting against …

Most known synthetic toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonists are carbohydrate-based lipid-A
mimetics containing several fatty acyl chains, including a labile 3-O-acyl chain linked to the …

Short peptides are poorly immunogenic when delivered sublingually–under the tongue.
Nanomaterial delivery of peptides could be utilized to improve immunogenicity towards …

Most infectious agents use mucosal tissues as entry portals, thus, mucosae are frequently
defined as a first line of defense against pathogens. Mucosal protection generally operates …

Chitosan is the most commonly investigated functional cationic biopolymer in a wide range
of medical applications due to its promising properties such as biocompatibility …

Global pandemics are most likely initiated via zoonotic transmission to humans in which
respiratory viruses infect airways with relevance to mucosal systems. Out of the known …

To increase vaccine immunogenicity, modern vaccines incorporate adjuvants, which serve
to enhance immune cross-protection, improve humoral and cell-mediated immunity, and …

The gut microbiota plays a critical role in the induction of adaptive immune responses to
influenza virus infection. However, the role of nasal bacteria in the induction of the virus …

Influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics and represent a pandemic risk. With current
vaccine methods struggling to protect populations against emerging strains, there is a …