Procurement has received scholarly attention as a valuable policy tool to reach desired
outcomes in society, such as innovation. While interest has grown in analyzing the impact of …

By building on a recent research comparing the EU and US and drawing on Riker's
influential theory of federalism, this books explores the origins of fiscal unions. It investigates …

Wallonia's refusal to ratify CETA in October 2016 suggests that multilevel trade politics may
increasingly be subject to the pitfalls of joint decision-making, or even a joint-decision trap …

ABSTRACT The European Union's (EU) Common Commercial Policy (CCP) is more fragile
than the label 'exclusive competence'suggests. Ratification conflicts have increased since …

Sub‐federal units have emerged as increasingly important actors in international trade
policy. This is puzzling as they usually have no formal competencies in this area. Using the …

Constitutionally, Belgium represents the most extreme case of regional entities wielding
power over EU external trade policymaking. Formally, the Flemish, Walloon and Brussels …

Wallonia demonstrated the importance of regional actors for EU trade policy. What remains,
however, of regional involvement when politicization subsides, as after CETA and TTIP? Our …

Since the 1990s, sub-federal units have become increasingly active in trade politics, a
domain that is usually an exclusive jurisdiction of the federal level. Conceptualizing this …

Sub-federal units in federal systems increasingly participate in international trade policy-
making, a domain that historically represents an exclusive jurisdiction of the federal level. A …

Whereas some federations reacted to the expanding international trade agenda by
'federalizing'trade policy-making and allowing sub-federal governments a substantial …