Dependency distance is regarded as an index of memory load and a measure of syntactic
difficulty. Previous research has found that dependency distance tends to minimize both …

Highlights•Phrasal planning applies to bilingual speech production with language
switching.•Violation of default language selection elicit costs at the whole language …

Although previous research has shown that there exist individual and cross-linguistic
differences in planning strategies during language production, little is known about how …

Working Memory (WM) plays a key role in natural language understanding and generation.
To enable a human-like breadth and flexibility of language understanding and generation …

Speakers often tailor their speech to the needs of their interlocutors to facilitate
comprehension. While such audience design can be observed in the words speakers …

Grammatical encoding refers to the processes involved in organizing a non-linguistic
message into an ordered set of representations that can then be phonologically formulated …

Agreement attraction, ie, the production or acceptance of a verb that agrees with a noun
other than the subject of the sentence, can be viewed as a process in which conflicting cues …

The language production deficit in post-stroke agrammatic aphasia (PSA-G) tends to result
from lesions to the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) and is characterized by a triad of …

Pitch peaks tend to be higher at the beginning of longer than shorter sentences (eg,'A farmer
is pulling donkeys' vs 'A farmer is pulling a donkey and goat'), whereas pitch valleys at the …

This chapter is concerned with the planning of the sound structure of words and utterances.
In dominant psycholinguistic models of language production and in keeping with generative …