Reprogramming of biochemical pathways is a hallmark of cancer cells, and generation of
lactic acid from glucose/glutamine represents one of the consequences of such metabolic …

Simple Summary The role of lactate in cancer described by Otto Warburg in 1927 states that
cancer cells uptake high amount of glucose with a marked increase in lactate production …

Exercise promotes learning and memory formation. These effects depend on increases in
hippocampal BDNF, a growth factor associated with cognitive improvement and the …

Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus, which appears in one
third of all diabetic patients and is a prominent cause of vision loss. First discovered as a …

Oligodendrocytes are glial cells that populate the entire CNS after they have differentiated
from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. From birth onward, oligodendrocytes initiate wrapping …

More than two hundred years after its discovery, lactate still remains an intriguing molecule.
Considered for a long time as a waste product of metabolism and the culprit behind …

The brain is, by weight, only 2% the volume of the body and yet it consumes about 20% of
the total glucose, suggesting that the energy requirements of the brain are high and that …

The discovery of a G-protein-coupled receptor for lactate named hydroxycarboxylic acid
receptor 1 (HCAR1) in neurons has pointed to additional nonmetabolic effects of lactate for …

GPR81 is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) discovered in 2001, but deorphanized only
7 years later, when its affinity for lactate as an endogenous ligand was demonstrated. More …

Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) encephalopathy remains a major cause of perinatal mortality and
chronic disability in newborns worldwide (1–6 for 1000 births). The only current clinical …