With less than a million neurons, the western honeybee Apis mellifera is capable of complex
olfactory behaviors and provides an ideal model for investigating the neurophysiology of the …

A well-established field of research in vertebrates focuses on the variability of cognitive
abilities within species. From mammals to fish, numerous studies have revealed remarkable …

Research on honeybee memory has led to a widely accepted model in which a single
pairing of an odor stimulus with sucrose induces memories that are independent of protein …

Foraging is a vital behavioral task for living organisms. Behavioral strategies and abstract
mathematical models thereof have been described in detail for various species. To explore …

Extinction learning, the ability to update previously learned information by integrating novel
contradictory information, is of high clinical relevance for therapeutic approaches to the …

Olfactory learning and conditioning in the fruit fly is typically modelled by correlation-based
associative synaptic plasticity. It was shown that the conditioning of an odor-evoked …

Individuals differing in their cognitive abilities and foraging strategies may confer a valuable
benefit to their social groups as variability may help them to respond flexibly in scenarios …

Predicting reinforcement from sensory cues is beneficial for goal-directed behavior. In insect
brains, underlying associations between cues and reinforcement, encoded by dopaminergic …

Animal personality and individuality are intensively researched in vertebrates and both
concepts are increasingly applied to behavioral science in insects. However, only few …

Animals of many species are capable of “small data” learning, that is, of learning without
repetition. Here we introduce larval Drosophila melanogaster as a relatively simple study …