Abstract The flaviviruses dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis represent three
major mosquito-borne viruses worldwide. These pathogens impact the lives of millions of …

The Nef protein of the human immunodeficiency virus is a crucial determinant of viral
pathogenesis and disease progression. Nef is abundantly expressed early in infection and …

Despite long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-1 persists within a reservoir of CD4+ T
cells that contribute to viral rebound if treatment is interrupted. Identifying the cellular …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are potent enhancers of innate antiviral immunity and may
also reverse HIV-1 latency. Therefore, TLR agonists have a potential role in the context of a …

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) evades the immune responses of natural
killer (NK) cells through mechanisms that have been partially deciphered. Here we show …

A defining characteristic of HIV-1 infection is the ability of the virus to persist within the host.
Specifically, MHC-I downregulation by the HIV-1 accessory protein Nef is of critical …

The plasma membrane protects the cell from its surroundings and regulates cellular
communication, homing, and metabolism. Not surprisingly, the composition of this …

Background Many viral genomes encode a limited number of proteins, illustrating their
innate efficiency in bypassing host immune surveillance. This concept of genomic efficiency …

Advances in the last several years have enhanced mechanistic understanding of Nef-
induced CD4 and MHCI downregulation and have suggested a new paradigm for analyzing …

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) accessory protein Nef directs virus
escape from immune surveillance by subverting host cell intracellular signaling and …