Barbeau's seesaw hypothesis of dopamine-acetylcholine balance has predominated
movement disorders literature for years. Both the simplicity of the explanation and the …

Dopaminergic receptor antagonism is a crucial component of all licensed treatments for
psychosis, and dopamine dysfunction has been central to pathophysiological models of …

Dystonia is characterised as uncontrolled, often painful involuntary muscle contractions that
cause abnormal postures and repetitive or twisting movements. These movements can be …

Objective Acetylcholine modulates the activity of the direct and indirect pathways within the
striatum through interaction with muscarinic M4 and M1 receptors. M4 receptors are …

Paraventricular thalamus (PVT) plays important roles in the regulation of emotion and
motivation through connecting many brain structures including the midbrain and the limbic …

Anticholinergic (AC) drugs, a medication class that acts by blocking nicotinic and muscarinic
acetylcholine receptors, were first utilized for therapeutic purposes in the mid-19th century …

Brain lesions exclusive to dystonia, or specific forms of it, such as isolated dystonia, have
been rarely described. While the identification of distinctive intra-or extraneuronal …

Abstract DYT1 or DYT-TOR1A dystonia is early-onset generalized dystonia caused by a
trinucleotide deletion of GAG in the TOR1A or DYT1 gene leads to the loss of a glutamic acid …

Schizophrenia is a leading cause of global disease burden. Current drug treatments are
associated with significant side-effects and have limited efficacy for many patients; …

Murine models are fundamental in the study of clinical conditions and the development of
new drugs and treatments. Transgenic technology has started to offer advantages in …