Liver macrophages make up the largest proportion of tissue macrophages in the host and
consist of two dissimilar groups: Kupffer cells (KCs) and monocyte‑derived macrophages …

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) following acute and chronic liver failure is defined as a
complex of neuropsychiatric abnormalities, such as discrete personal changes, sleep …

The natural compound Zerumbone (hereinafter referred to as ZER), a monocyclic
sesquiterpenoid, has been reported to possess many pharmacological properties, including …

Aims Stevioside is a diterpenoid obtained from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) that
exhibits antioxidant, antifibrotic, antiglycemic and anticancer properties. Therefore, we …

Retinal ischemia exists in various ischemic retinopathies including glaucoma, contributing to
the death of retinal neurons. Calcium binding protein S100A4 is important in tumors, and our …

Background Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is one of the most prevalent chronic liver disease
worldwide. Alcohol-induced alterations in hepatic lipids play an important role in ALD …

Hepatic macrophages play an important role in homeostasis. The functional abnormalities of
hepatic macrophages primarily or secondarily influence chemically induced hepatotoxicity …

Chronic liver disease patients often have complications, such as hepatocellular carcinoma
(HCC) and acute bacterial infection. Model for end‐stage liver disease and Child‐Pugh …

Background Verapamil (VER) and cilostazol (Cilo) are mostly used as cardiovascular drugs;
they have beneficial effects on different organs toxicities. Aim we investigated whether the …

Host cells recognize molecules that signal danger using pattern recognition receptors
(PRRs). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most studied class of PRRs and detect pathogen …