The traditional two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cell culture system (on a flat support) has long
been used in cancer research. However, this system cannot be fully translated into clinical …

Owing to the importance of stem cell culture systems in clinical applications, researchers
have extensively studied them to optimize the culture conditions and increase efficiency of …

The tumor microbiome is increasingly implicated in cancer progression and resistance to
chemotherapy. In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), high intratumoral loads of …

Cisplatin resistance is one of the major concerns in the treatment of oral squamous cell
carcinoma (OSCC). Accumulating evidence suggests microRNA (miRNA) dysregulation as …

Biological self-assembly is crucial in the processes of development, tissue regeneration, and
maturation of bioprinted tissue-engineered constructions. The cell aggregates—spheroids …

Cell therapy is one of the new treatment methods in which mesenchymal stem/stromal cell
(MSCs) transplantation is one of the cells widely used in this field. The results of MSCs …

The liver is one of the most studied organs of the human body owing to its central role in
xenobiotic and drug metabolism. In recent decades, extensive research has aimed at …

The loss of germ cells and spermatogenic failure in non-obstructive azoospermia are
believed to be the main causes of male infertility. Laboratory studies have used in vitro …

To accelerate the discovery of anti-cancer drugs, there is an urgent need to establish an
inexpensive and simple preclinical model that can simulate the tumor microenvironment and …

Hypoxia is an essential regulator of cell metabolism, affects cell migration and angiogenesis
during development and contributes to a wide range of pathological conditions. Multiple …