The reproductive strategies of an organism play a major role in the dynamics of the
population and the biogeography and continuity of the species. Numerous processes are …

Large population fluctuations of jellyfish occur over a variety of temporal scales, from weekly
to seasonal, inter-annual and even decadal, with some regions of the world reported to be …

Squid, cuttlefish and octopuses, which form the marine mollusc group the cephalopods, are
of great and increasing interest to marine biologists, physiologists, ecologists, environmental …

Many benthic marine invertebrates develop by means of free-living, dispersive larval stages.
The presumed advantages of such larvae include the avoidance of competition for …

In spite of being one of the most relevant components of the biosphere, the plankton-
benthos network is still poorly studied as such. This is partly due to the irregular occurrence …

Present knowledge of polychaete reproduction, developmental mode, gametogenesis
patterns, sperm structure, and larval morphology are reported. Based on published data …

The abundance of plankton shows cyclic variation between high and low values, especially
at polar, boreal and temperate latitudes. If plankton were a compact unit, that is, an …

All ontogenetic stages of a life cycle are exposed to environmental conditions so that
population persistence depends on the performance of both adults and offspring. Most …

Oogenesis is a fundamental biological process observed in most animals. Animals employ
many different mechanisms to make their eggs and oogenesis cannot be completed without …

… the snail, whose tender horns being hit Shrinks backward in his shelly cave with pain,
And there, all smothered up, in shade doth sit, Long after fearing to creep forth again …