The brain harbors a unique ability to, figuratively speaking, shift its gears. During
wakefulness, the brain is geared fully toward processing information and behaving, while …

Throughout the body, lymphatic fluid movement supports critical functions including
clearance of excess fluid and metabolic waste. The glymphatic system is the analog of the …

We review theoretical and numerical models of the glymphatic system, which circulates
cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid around the brain, facilitating solute transport. Models …

We present ilastik, an easy-to-use interactive tool that brings machine-learning-based (bio)
image analysis to end users without substantial computational expertise. It contains pre …

The history of brain drug delivery is reviewed beginning with the first demonstration, in 1914,
that a drug for syphilis, salvarsan, did not enter the brain, due to the presence of a blood …

Cognitive impairment associated with aging has emerged as one of the major public health
challenges of our time. Although Alzheimer's disease is the leading cause of clinically …

Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

Life exists in three dimensions, but until the turn of the century most electron microscopy
methods provided only 2D image data. Recently, electron microscopy techniques capable of …

Brain fluids are rigidly regulated to provide stable environments for neuronal function, eg,
low K+, Ca 2+, and protein to optimise signalling and minimise neurotoxicity. At the same …

Extrasynaptic actions of glutamate are limited by high-affinity transporters expressed by
perisynaptic astroglial processes (PAPs): this helps maintain point-to-point transmission in …