Over the past decades, interest in shape memory polymers (SMPs) has persisted, and
immense efforts have been dedicated to developing SMPs and their multifunctional …

Soft robotics technologies are paving the way toward robotic abilities which are vital for a
wide range of applications, including manufacturing, manipulation, gripping, human …

Precise control over molecular movement is of fundamental and practical importance in
physics, biology, and chemistry. At nanoscale, the peculiar functioning principles and the …

Abstract 4D printing is an emerging field in additive manufacturing of time responsive
programmable materials. The combination of 3D printing technologies with materials that …

Shape memory is the capability of a material to be deformed and fixed into a temporary
shape. Recovery of the original shape can then be triggered only by an external stimulus …

Abstract Machines are systems that harness input power to extend or advance function.
Fundamentally, machines are based on the integration of materials with mechanisms to …

Light-driven phenomena both in living systems and nonliving materials have enabled truly
fascinating and incredible dynamic architectures with terrific forms and functions. Recently …

The concept of four-dimensional (4D) printing emerged from the addition of the time
dimension into the more established additive manufacturing (AM) methods, namely 3D …

Liquid crystals are the basis of a pervasive technology of the modern era. Yet, as the display
market becomes commoditized, researchers in industry, government and academia are …

Shape memory polymers (SMPs), as a class of programmable stimuli-responsive shape
changing polymers, are attracting increasing attention from the standpoint of both …