ABSTRACT Adenylyl cyclase 5 (ADCY5)‐related phenotypes comprise an expanding
disease continuum, but much remains to be understood about the underlying pathogenic …

Paroxysmal movement disorders (PMDs) are rare neurological diseases typically
manifesting with intermittent attacks of abnormal involuntary movements. Two main …

Background ADCY5‐related dyskinesia is characterized by early‐onset movement
disorders. There is currently no validated treatment, but anecdotal clinical reports and …

Background The phenotypic spectrum of adenylyl cyclase 5 (ADCY5)‐related disease has
expanded considerably since the first description of the disorder in 1978 as familial essential …

Paroxysmal movement disorders (PxMDs) are a clinical and genetically heterogeneous
group of movement disorders characterized by episodic involuntary movements (dystonia …

Mutations in the ADCY5 gene can cause a complex hyperkinetic movement disorder.
Episodic exacerbations of dyskinesia are a particularly disturbing symptom as they occur …

Background Cervical dystonia (CD) is a form of isolated focal dystonia typically associated to
abnormal head, neck, and shoulder movements and postures. The complexity of the clinical …

Abstract Purpose of Review Patients with different types of choreic syndromes, specially
those with Huntington's (HD) and Wilson's (WD) diseases, report frequent sleep complaints …

Sleep problems can manifest as a result of movement disorders, either through direct motor
disturbances or secondary nonmotor symptoms. Medication effects must be considered, as …

Background Arousals are common, sudden and transient elevations of the vigilance level
during normal sleep, but arousal-associated behaviors have not yet been studied. Objective …