The brain reward circuit has a central role in reinforcing behaviors that are rewarding and
preventing behaviors that lead to punishment. Recent work has shown that the lateral …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Parental Care”. Paternal care, though rare among
mammals, is routinely displayed by several species of rodents. Here we review the …

The deer mouse (genus Peromyscus) is the most abundant mammal in North America, and it
occupies almost every type of terrestrial habitat. It is not surprising therefore that the natural …

Maternal behavior is species-specific and expressed under different physiological
conditions, and contexts. It is the result of neural processes that support different forms (eg …

Anxiety disorders often co-occur with alcohol use disorders, but the mechanisms underlying
this comorbidity remain elusive. Previously, we reported that rats withdrawn from chronic …

Research investigating the neural substrates underpinning parental behaviour has recently
gained momentum. Particularly, the hypothalamic medial preoptic area (MPOA) has been …

In vertebrates the “anti-reward-system” mainly is represented by the habenula and its medial
(MHb) and especially lateral (LHb) complexes. Considerable knowledge has accumulated …

Depression occurs frequently with sleep disturbance such as insomnia. Sleep in depression
is associated with disinhibition of the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Despite the …

The mammalian habenula with its medial and lateral complexes has gained much interest in
recent years, while knowledge on the detailed biological functions of these nuclei is still …

Care of infants is a hallmark of mammals. Whereas parental care by mothers is obligatory for
offspring survival in virtually all mammals, fathers provide care for their offspring in only an …