Purpose The current clinical practice in reproductive medicine should pose the couple at the
centre of the diagnostic–therapeutic management of infertility and requires intense …

Background Ultrasonography is the gold standard imaging method for scrotal investigation.
Colour Doppler ultrasonography, contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography and …

This text has been written as a practical guide, based on the author's experience over the
last 40 years of daily clinical practice and aiming to place the modern approach to the …

Background The last decades revealed new scientific knowledge regarding the fertility and
potential malignancy of undescended testis AQ2 (UDT). Accordingly, many guidelines …

Undescended testis (UDT, cryptorchidism) is the most common congenital anomaly of the
genital tract. Despite its high incidence, the management of UDT varies between specialties …

Background Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during the critical period of
testicular descent may increase the risk of cryptorchidism and male fertility. Objective To …

Background: Traditional open orchiopexy is still a standard of treatment for palpable
undescended testicles. Recently several authors reported successful results using a …

Cryptorchidism, the absence of one or both testicles in the scrotum, is the most common
anomaly of genitourinary tract in males. The pathogenesis of undescended testes is …

Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) play essential roles in numerous biological processes in
mammals, such as reproductive physiology and endocrinology. Cryptorchidism is a common …

Background Cryptorchidism is considered to be one of the most common causes of non‐
obstructive azoospermia. There are several surgical techniques to retrieve sperm in these …