Glutamate (Glu) is the primary excitatory transmitter in the mammalian brain. But, we know
little about the evolutionary history of this adaptation, including the selection of l-glutamate …

Since the finding by Johnson and Ascher (1987) demonstrating that glycine enhances
electrophysiological responses mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) b

The N–methyl D–aspartate (NMDA) type of glutamate receptor requires two distinct agonists
to operate. Glycine is assumed to be the endogenous ligand for the NMDA receptor glycine …

The NMDA receptor plays a critical role in the development of the central nervous system
and in adult neuroplasticity, learning, and memory. Therefore, it is not surprising that this …

All the classical transmitter ligand molecules evolved at least 1000 million years ago. With
the possible exception of the Porifera and coelenterates (Cnidaria), they occur in all the …

Molluscan preparations have yielded seminal discoveries in neuroscience, but the
experimental advantages of this group have not, until now, been complemented by …

The origin of NO signaling can be traceable back to the origin of life with the large scale of
parallel evolution of NO synthases (NOSs). Inducible-like NOSs may be the most basal …

Aplysia californica is a powerful experimental system to study the entire scope of genomic
and epigenomic regulation at the resolution of single functionally characterized neurons and …

The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor belongs to the group of ionotropic glutamate
receptors and has been implicated in synaptic plasticity, memory acquisition, and learning in …

Glutamate receptor types were examined at the chromatophore synapses of the squids
Alloteuthis subulata and Loligo vulgaris, where nerve‐induced muscle contraction causes …