Protein lipidation, including cysteine prenylation, N-terminal glycine myristoylation, cysteine
palmitoylation, and serine and lysine fatty acylation, occurs in many proteins in eukaryotic …

Extracellular nucleotides, mainly ATP, but also ADP, UTP, UDP and UDP-sugars,
adenosine, and adenine base participate in the “purinergic signalling” pathway, an …

The variety of taste sensations, including sweet, umami, bitter, sour, and salty, arises from
diverse taste cells, each of which expresses specific taste sensor molecules and associated …

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has been well established as an important extracellular
ligand of autocrine signaling, intercellular communication, and neurotransmission with …

Sodium taste regulates salt intake. The amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel
(ENaC) is the Na+ sensor in taste cells mediating attraction to sodium salts. However, cells …

Binding of sweet, umami, and bitter tastants to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in
apical membranes of type II taste bud cells (TBCs) triggers action potentials that activate a …

Protein S-palmitoylation refers to a post-translational modification (PTM) wherein palmitic
acid, a 16-carbon long saturated fatty acid gets covalently attached to Cys sidechain of a …

Ectonucleotidases are extracellular enzymes with a pivotal role in inflammation that
hydrolyse extracellular purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, eg, ATP, UTP, ADP, UDP, AMP …

Blood contains powerful pH-buffering molecules such as hemoglobin (Hb) and albumin,
while interstitial fluids have little pH-buffering molecules. Thus, even under metabolic …

Calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM) family proteins are Ca2+-regulated adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)–release channels involved in neural functions including …