High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a highly conserved, nuclear protein present in all cell
types. It is a multi-facet protein exerting functions both inside and outside of cells …

Microglia are brain resident macrophages originated from primitive progenitor cells in the
yolk sac. Microglia can be activated within hours and recruited to the lesion site …

Mitochondria are important signalling organelles, and they dictate immunological fate. From
T cells to macrophages, mitochondria form the nexus of the various metabolic pathways that …

Background Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a growing pandemic with an
increasing death toll that has been linked to various comorbidities as well as racial disparity …

Complex genetic and physiological variations as well as environmental factors that drive
emergence of chromosomal instability, development of unscheduled cell death, skewed …

Concern over antibiotic resistance is growing, and new classes of antibiotics, particularly
against Gram-negative bacteria, are needed. However, even if the scientific hurdles can be …

HMGB1 is a non-histone nuclear protein that can serve as an alarmin to drive the
pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune disease. Although primarily located in the …

Metformin is one of the most widely prescribed hypoglycemic drugs and has the potential to
treat many diseases. More and more evidence shows that metformin can regulate the …

Metformin is a biguanide drug widely used as the initial treatment of type 2 diabetes. Despite
its widespread use, its precise mechanisms of action remain incompletely characterised. Its …

Acute AMPK activation exacerbates ischemic brain damage experimentally. Paradoxically,
the clinical use of an AMPK activator metformin reduces the incidence of stroke. We …