Microglia are brain macrophages that mediate neuroinflammation and contribute to and
protect against neurodegeneration. The terminal sugar residue of all glycoproteins and …

Microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system, play a pivotal role in the
modulation of neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation has been implicated in many diseases …

Macrophages, an important part of human immune system, possess a high plasticity and
heterogeneity (macrophage polarization) as classically activated macrophages (M1) and …

Sialic acids are monosaccharides that normally terminate the glycan chains of cell surface
glyco‐proteins and‐lipids in mammals, and are highly enriched in the central nervous tissue …

Neurons communicate with each other through electrochemical transmission at synapses.
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, modulate this …

Abstract Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived exosomes have shown
promise as a cell-free therapeutic strategy for neuropathic pain. This study was conducted to …

Non‐neural extracellular matrix (ECM) has limited application in humanized physiological
neural modeling due to insufficient brain‐specificity and safety concerns. Although brain …

Short-term behavioral alterations are associated with infection and aid the recovery from
sickness. However, concerns have raised that sustained behavioral disturbances after acute …

Exposure of microglia to an inflammatory environment may lead to their priming and
exacerbated response to future inflammatory stimuli. Here we aimed to explore …

Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) bacteria improve the functions of theere intestinal and blood–
brain barriers (BBB) via their extracellular vesicles (AmEvs). However, their role in …