Abstract Purpose of Review The opioid epidemic has been responsible for significant
morbidity and mortality in the USA and worldwide. As a result, it is essential to recognize the …

Changes in the drug supply landscape directly influence morbidity and mortality with the
reduced efficacy of naloxone to reverse fentanyl overdose (versus heroin) emphasizing this …

Preclinical models of addictive drugs have been developed for decades to model aspects of
the clinical experience in substance use disorders (SUDs). These include passive exposure …

Individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) frequently use other substances, including
cocaine. Opioid withdrawal is associated with increased likelihood of cocaine use, which …

Xylazine is in the unregulated drug supply at increasing rates, usually combined with
fentanyl, necessitating understanding of its pharmacology. Despite commentary from …

The adulteration of illicit fentanyl with the alpha-2 agonist xylazine has been designated an
emerging public health threat. The clinical rationale for combining fentanyl with xylazine is …

Background: The rise in overdose deaths from synthetic opioids, especially fentanyl,
necessitates the development of preclinical models to study fentanyl use disorder (FUD) …

The opioid use landscape has recently shifted to include xylazine, a veterinary anesthetic,
as an adulterant in the fentanyl supply. The health impacts of xylazine as an emerging …