The last few years have seen a resurgence of activity in the hepatitis B drug pipeline, with
many compounds in various stages of development. This review aims to provide a …

The APOBEC family of proteins comprises deaminase enzymes that edit DNA and/or RNA
sequences. The APOBEC3 subgroup plays an important role on the innate immune system …

Resolution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was believed to be attributed to the cytotoxic T
cell–mediated killing of infected hepatocytes. However, studies in HBV transgenic mice and …

Alpha interferon (IFN-α) is an approved medication for chronic hepatitis B. Gamma interferon
(IFN-γ) is a key mediator of host innate and adaptive antiviral immunity against hepatitis B …

The covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) plays an
essential role in chronic hepatitis. The cellular repair system is proposed to convert …

About 0.8 million people die because of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection each year. In
around 5% of infected adults, the immune system is ineffective in countering HBV infection …

Myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88), which can be induced by
alpha interferon (IFN-α), has an antiviral activity against the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the major causes of liver diseases, affecting more
than 350 million people worldwide. The interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immune responses …

Background & Aims Cyclophilins are host factors required for hepatitis C virus replication.
Cyclophilin inhibitors such as alisporivir have shown strong anti–hepatitis C virus activity in …

Summary APOBEC 3 (A3) cytidine deaminases are a family of enzymes that have been
shown to inhibit the replication of HIV‐1 and other retroviruses as part of the innate immune …