Metabolomics uses advanced analytical chemistry techniques to enable the high-throughput
characterization of metabolites from cells, organs, tissues, or biofluids. The rapid growth in …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of premature death and disability in
humans and their incidence is on the rise globally. Given their substantial contribution …

Obesity is a mostly preventable diet-related disease and currently a major challenge for
human populations worldwide. Obesity is a major risk factor for diseases such as type 2 …

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common health problem worldwide and remains
the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Over the past decade, it has become clear that …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are disorders associated with the heart and circulatory
system. Atherosclerosis is its major underlying cause. CVDs are chronic and can remain …

Atherosclerosis develops due to lipid accumulation in the arterial wall and sclerosis as result
of increased hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, lipid oxidation, and protein oxidation …

Neutrophils are primary effector cells of innate immunity and fight infection by phagocytosis
and degranulation. Activated neutrophils also release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) …

Tryptophan (TRP), an essential amino acid in mammals, is involved in several physiological
processes including neuronal function, immunity, and gut homeostasis. In humans, TRP is …

Abstract Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors (DPP4is) are oral anti-diabetic drugs
(OADs) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through inhibiting the …

Among the diseases causing human death, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains number
one according to the World Health Organization report in 2021. It is known that …