Working memory—the ability to maintain and manipulate information over a period of
seconds—is a core component of higher cognitive functions. The storage capacity of …

Relatively little is known about the neuropathophysiology of binge-eating disorder (BED).
Here, the evidence from neuroimaging, neurocognitive, genetics, and animal studies are …

Rationale Delayed reward discounting (DRD) is a behavioral economic index of impulsivity
and numerous studies have examined DRD in relation to addictive behavior. To synthesize …

Schizophrenia is associated with increased levels of oxidative stress, as reflected by an
increase in the concentrations of damaging reactive species and a reduction in anti-oxidant …

What are the genetic and neural components that support adaptive learning from positive
and negative outcomes? Here, we show with genetic analyses that three independent …

Tobacco smoke consists of thousands of compounds including nicotine. Many constituents
have known toxicity to the brain, cardiovascular, and pulmonary systems. Nicotine, on the …

The basal ganglia support learning to exploit decisions that have yielded positive outcomes
in the past. In contrast, limited evidence implicates the prefrontal cortex in the process of …

Striatal dopamine (DA) is thought to code for learned associations between cues and
reinforcers and to mediate approach behavior toward a reward. Less is known about the …

Increased activity of D2 receptors (D2Rs) in the striatum has been linked to the
pathophysiology of schizophrenia. To determine directly the behavioral and physiological …

Brain dopamine has often been implicated in impulsive and/or inflexible behaviors, which
may reflect failures of motivational and/or cognitive control. However, the precise role of …