A plethora of neurological disorders shares a final common deadly pathway known as
excitotoxicity. Among these disorders, ischemic injury is a prominent cause of death and …

Earlier observations in neuroscience suggested that no new neurons form in the mature
central nervous system. Evidence now indicates that new neurons do form in the adult …

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a serious neuropsychiatric complication of cirrhosis and/or
porto-systemic shunting. The clinical symptoms are widely variable, extending from subtle …

Generation of neurotoxic amyloid β peptides and their deposition along with neurofibrillary
tangle formation represent key pathological hallmarks in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent …

Astrocyte glutamate release can modulate synaptic activity and participate in brain
intercellular signaling. P2X7receptors form large ion channels when activated by ATP or …

Activation of glutamate receptors can trigger the death of neurons and some types of glial
cells, particularly when the cells are coincidentally subjected to adverse conditions such as …

l-Glutamate serves as a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous
system (CNS) and is stored in synaptic vesicles by an uptake system that is dependent on …

Cognitive impairment and emotional disturbances in Alzheimer's disease (AD) result from
the degeneration of synapses and death of neurons in the limbic system and associated …

In the last years, the classical view of glial cells (in particular of astrocytes) as a simple
supportive cell for neurons has been replaced by a new vision in which glial cells are active …

Interactions between neurons and astrocytes are critical for signaling, energy metabolism,
extracellular ion homeostasis, volume regulation, and neuroprotection in the central nervous …