Cancers represent complex ecosystems comprising tumor cells and a multitude of non-
cancerous cells, embedded in an altered extracellular matrix. The tumor microenvironment …

To coordinate, adapt and respond to biological signals, cells convey specific messages to
other cells. An important aspect of cell–cell communication involves secretion of molecules …

The twenty-first century has witnessed major developments in the field of extracellular
vesicle (EV) research, including significant steps towards defining standard criteria for the …

Intercellular communication is a key feature of cancer progression and metastasis.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are generated by all cells, including cancer cells, and recent …

Exosomes are well-known key mediators of intercellular communication and contribute to
various physiological and pathological processes. Their biogenesis involves four key steps …

Cancer immunity, and the potential for cancer immunotherapy, have been topics of scientific
discussion and experimentation for over a hundred years. Several successful cancer …

Unprecedented advances have been made in cancer treatment with the use of immune
checkpoint blockade (ICB). However, responses are limited to a subset of patients, and …

Antagonistic antibodies targeting the inhibitory immune-checkpoint receptor PD-1 or its
ligand PD-L1 are used to treat a wide range of cancer types and can substantially improve …

Tumours display an astonishing variation in the spatial distribution, composition and
activation state of immune cells, which impacts their progression and response to …

One of the defining characteristics of a pre-metastatic niche, a fundamental requirement for
primary tumor metastasis, is infiltration of immunosuppressive macrophages. How these …